the preeminent eyewitness. Yet this critique presupposes that Papias seeks to establish the canonicity of Mark on the criterion of apostolicity. Such presupposition is anachronistic; Papias has no idea of a NT canon, and he prefers the oral traditions of the elders over books (HE 3.39.4). Papias also wrote that Matthew “made an ordered arrangement of the oracles in the Hebrew language,” which others then translated (HE 3.39.16). Although most scholars doubt Papias on this, some do support the idea